In which other areas might market dynamics slow down the transformation process in the transition to circular economy? Share your opinions and suggestions and let's continue our discussion together.<article fr-original-style="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Don't forget to follow Circular Economy 101 on<a fr-original-style="" href="https://link.apos.to/c/LD3xxtsNdotJ?c=M33LB5-tDrK8vfGAjJtEl&sub=62b033905d379200061d8935&s=web" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">&nbsp;Instagram</a> and <a fr-original-style="" href="https://link.apos.to/c/yPGUed2W5F4Q?c=M33LB5-tDrK8vfGAjJtEl&sub=62b033905d379200061d8935&s=web" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">LinkedIn&nbsp;</a>for similar content! Your support, comments, and suggestions are very valuable to us.</article>

As the importance of circular economy increases on the global agenda, expectations for a definition of the concept that is accepted by everyone are also increasing. While we should consider circular economy as a systemic mindset, an umbrella concept that will completely change the way we do business, simpler definitions prevent circular economy from realising its potential.As it is considered only as an 'innovative waste management' strategy, the goals of different stakeholders regarding circular economy are also limited within this framework. As we have mentioned in our previous articles, the transition to circular economy requires different road maps to be determined from the very beginning according to the characteristics of each stakeholder and each sector. In other words, it is critical that the circular economy concept is correctly understood and integrated into our own processes. This, in fact, explains why the circular economy should not have a single and inclusive definition, and why it should not be handled in a single framework.For this reason, it makes much more sense to have a definition that circular economy requires a systemic transformation for the efficient use of all resources. Each stakeholder has different resources and roadmaps in their own life, way of doing business or way of thinking. This requires each stakeholder to switch to a new system that will utilise its resources in the most efficient way. So how can there be a systemic transformation to circular economy? Our discussion topic this week is shaped by what needs to be considered for systemic transformation.This week, our discussion is accompanied by the article 'Circular Economy through a system change lens' from the book <a fr-original-style="" href="https://link.aposto.com/click?uri=aHR0cHM6Ly9saW5rLmFwb3N0by5jb20vY2xpY2s/aXNzdWU9NjM5NmU4YjQwYzJiYmYwMDA2NmZhYjYzJnN1YnNjcmliZXI9NjJiMDMzOTA1ZDM3OTIwMDA2MWQ4OTM1Jm5ld3NsZXR0ZXI9NjAwMDQ5OTY1Njg2MGYwMDA4MDAzMzdkJnB1Ymxpc2hlcj02MDAwNDc4MzU2ODYwZjAwMDgwMDJmNmQmc291cmNlPWVtYWlsJnVybD1odHRwcyUyNTNBJTI1MkYlMjUyRnd3dy5yb3V0bGVkZ2UuY29tJTI1MkZUaGUtSW1wb3NzaWJpbGl0aWVzLW9mLXRoZS1DaXJjdWxhci1FY29ub215LVNlcGFyYXRpbmctQXNwaXJhdGlvbnMtZnJvbSUyNTJGTGVobWFubi1IaW5za2UtTWFyZ2VyaWUtTmlrb2xvdmElMjUyRnAlMjUyRmJvb2slMjUyRjk3ODEwMzIxNTQ0MzU=" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">'The Impossibilities of the Circular Economy'</a>.<h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">What is needed for systemic transformation?</h2><h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">➰ Redesigning the system, not improving it</h3>Systemic transformation is a challenging and long process that needs to be addressed at both macro and micro levels. The sustainability efforts we are currently engaged in, especially those led by governments and the private sector, focus on improving the faulty points within the existing structures rather than redesigning them. In other words, the aim is not to renew, but to improve systems that were not designed with a focus on environmental and social welfare. Although it is possible to consider the Sustainable Development Goals here as the predetermination of environmental and social outputs, the work carried out focuses on improving the system, not a systemic transformation to achieve these SDGs.The systemic transformation addressed in the process of transition to circular economy, on the contrary, proposes that environmental and social outputs should be defined first and all structures should be redesigned from the beginning based on these definitions. In other words, it is expected that the entire system (including global systems) will be designed in line with predetermined environmental and social welfare-oriented expectations, not only to eliminate the errors in the production and consumption structures specific to the current sector. Therefore, if we aim for a systemic transformation in the transition to circular economy,&nbsp;the first critical point we need to pay attention to can be summarised as the need to redesign the system from the very beginning, not to improve the system.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">➰To evaluate the opinions, suggestions and expectations of all stakeholders</h3>As our readers who have been following our articles for a long time will remember, individuals are as important as any other stakeholder in the process of transition to circular economy, but this stakeholder is not given the necessary attention. When we accept that social and economic structures are created, guided and shaped by individuals, we can understand the importance of feedback processes, which are also critical for systemic transformation.Feedback processes, which are critical in the transition to a circular economy, aim to ensure that every step taken in the change process is actually reviewed by all stakeholders and areas that are faulty, deficient or open to improvement are shared. In this way, it may be possible for all stakeholders to examine all steps taken in the focus of environmental and social outputs that should be determined at the initial design stage for systemic transformation. In the opposite case, the main problems we face in the sustainability transformation we are in today arise.Transformation roadmaps that emerge as a result of the decisions taken by the private sector or governments on their own are carried out without the opinions of consumers, meaning, individuals. The main reason for this is the belief that society will naturally fully adapt to the transformation process of a state or a company. It is not possible to talk about a systemic transformation as long as the states or the private sector, which aim to improve some faulty points with various regulations or new business models, are not involved in a transformation process that will meet the realistic expectations of individuals, who are the main stakeholders of society. For this reason,&nbsp;the opinions, suggestions and expectations of all stakeholders, not limited to individuals, should be received and evaluated at every stage of transformation.&nbsp;<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">➰ Conducting science-based, realistic processes</h3>Perhaps the most important point to be considered while addressing the system at both macro and micro levels in the process of transition to circular economy is to carry out science-based, realistic processes. Especially when it comes to designing the transition to a circular economy, building a recycling-oriented system is an approach that is completely far from science and reality.Recycling is the last preferred step in circular economy. When we consider the subject in detail, we can see that a system that is completely recycling-oriented cannot be built with today's technologies. The main reason for this is the laws of physics in general and the laws of thermodynamics when we get a little more specific. We will not go into the technical details of these laws, but to summarise, recycling is a process that cannot continue indefinitely and therefore at some point resources are used inefficiently. Current technologies allow many materials and materials that are described as 'recyclable' today to be recycled at a maximum rate of 10-15%. Especially the recycling rates of products produced using many different raw materials are quite low.While this is the case, all of the recycling-oriented transformation strategies that we often hear are actually unrealistic road maps that are far from scientific facts. At this point, it becomes much more important to understand the circular economy correctly, to learn the different concepts it contains as an umbrella concept (biomimicry, cradle-to-cradle, R-strategies, etc.) and to design a systemic transformation in this context.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">➰ A mindset open to change</h3>One of the most challenging aspects of systemic transformation is the need to transform the entire system at both macro and micro levels. This requires a much more complex structure in the process. This process, in which many different factors need to be considered at the same time, will of course be too comprehensive to be compressed into a single framework. For this reason, the definitions, road maps and action plans initially determined in the systemic transformation process may have to change over time.This indicates that the uncertainty in the process of transition to circular economy shows that we are on the right track at some point. However, this uncertainty should not cause everyone to carry out this transformation process on their own. For this reason, the road maps and the new structures to be designed should be shaped in a way that will be open to change after an indefinite period of time. Instead of trying to determine the most accurate, optimum solutions, roadmaps should be created in the light of scientific facts that are accepted as true today, which will also enable rapid action to be taken. Considering the environmental and social impacts of our current system, seeking perfection will slow us down completely and even cause us to deviate from our main purpose.For this reason, for systemic transformation, action should be taken quickly with today's realities, but we need to be in a mindset that is open to change at any time and constantly question the 'truths'.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">➰ Focus on environmental and social well-being without being influenced by political developments</h3>Lastly, while covering all of the abovementioned, we need to carry out a transformation process in line with our purpose, independent of individuals and organisations. Today, we can see that policies are restricted by political election cycles for political purposes. Our environmental and social impacts, which should be handled independently of the functioning of political structures, actually need to be examined independently of all opinions.In particular, a systemic transformation is required in which the fight against specific issues that concern the whole world, such as the climate crisis or hunger, is not used for specific political purposes, but is actually addressed as a higher purpose independent of all viewpoints. Here, road maps similar to the 20XX net zero targets of many countries since the Paris Agreement may come to mind. It is necessary to create these roadmaps by considering the opinions of all stakeholders in that country, and to maintain them with the co-operation of all stakeholders despite any political change. In this way,&nbsp;a systemic transformation focused solely on environmental and social welfare can be possible without being affected by local or global politics.🔎 Circular Economy 101's take: To summarise, all these topics that we have opened up for discussion for systemic transformation can basically allow the real potential of the circular economy to be unlocked. Through an innovative system design that puts innovation at its centre, it may be possible to increase cooperation and bring about change for a fundamental purpose without ignoring social needs.In the process of transition to circular economy, the expectations, goals or steps taken by other stakeholders should be questioned by all stakeholders forming social and economic structures in the light of science, deficiencies/errors should be identified and, if necessary, change should be forced in line with the common goal.

How do systems transform?

What are other qualities that leaders should have in the process of transition to circular economy? Share your opinions and suggestions, and let's continue our discussion together.<article fr-original-style="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Don't forget to follow Circular Economy 101 on<a fr-original-style="" href="https://link.apos.to/c/iS78aAm-Oapp?c=iTrvOsFZnyJpayaWhJlXL&sub=62b033905d379200061d8935&s=web" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">&nbsp;Instagram</a> and <a fr-original-style="" href="https://link.apos.to/c/t8ggV8Lbd-_2?c=iTrvOsFZnyJpayaWhJlXL&sub=62b033905d379200061d8935&s=web" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">LinkedIn</a>! Your support, comments, and suggestions are very valuable to us. 😊</article>

The transition to circular economy requires social transformation. Social transformation, and naturally cultural transformation as well, need to be carried out in line with a common goal and road map adopted by all stakeholders that make up social structures. Social transformation is a process that has no clear boundaries and is difficult to control according to the diversity in the reactions of individuals, but today it can be carried out more easily than in the past, especially with new media tools.It is possible to see that circular economy is inevitably at the centre of social transformation thanks to its innovative and borderless structure. However, the road maps, duties and responsibilities of the stakeholders that make up the society are not as uncertain as in cultural transformation. In particular, the transformation processes of the business world and governments involve clear targets, regulations and specific roadmaps, which have been very much on the agenda recently.This week, we discuss the steps that will create value in the transition process of the business world to circular economy, the points to be considered and the action areas that will accelerate the transition process. '<a fr-original-style="" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/role-business-moving-linear-circular-economies?utm_source=aposto" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">The Role of Business in Moving from Linear to Circular Economies'&nbsp;</a>report prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) will accompany us in our discussion.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Is value-creating transformation possible?</h3>The transformation of the business world, which started within the fight against the climate crisis and then took a broader framework by including social issues, unfortunately does not carry out the transition to circular economy as it should.Circular economy, which is misunderstood as merely innovative waste management strategies, is of course far from realising the potential that exists within the concept. However, there are still steps that need to be taken to ensure a transformation that creates value for private sector representatives who are trying to carry out the transition to circular economy in accordance with its principles.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Search for new markets</h3>With concepts such as R-strategies, biomimicry and cradle-to-cradle, circular economy is a concept that aims to completely change the existing ways of doing business and existing systems. This actually allows the private sector to create new business areas while changing existing business models.The first step that companies should pay attention to while carrying out the transition to circular economy can be seen as entering innovative economies and markets by updating their existing business models with circular economy principles. In the current linear economy, manufacturers give ownership of their products to their customers after producing them, while the circular economy suggests the opposite.Take a car manufacturer as an example. After the car is produced, it goes to the consumer, and after the consumer's use expires, the car is reintroduced to the market through second-hand sales. Although second-hand, in other words reuse, is critical in circular economy, it is only the first step in the process. Although it may seem like the right strategy to change owners many times, the value of the car decreases day by day until it finally becomes unusable, and when it does, it takes its place in the junkyard.Circular economy aims to change this situation for manufacturers and keep the ownership of cars in the manufacturer. This allows the car to be renewed after each use, maintenance &amp; repair practices to be carried out and the value of all the resources that make up the car to be preserved for a long time. Instead of making money by selling the product, manufacturers can enter new markets by renting the product permanently and continue economic growth with different revenue models.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Cost reduction</h3>R-strategies in circular economy include steps such as less consumption, reuse, maintenance &amp; repair, remanufacture and recycling. This is actually a strategic cycle that ensures that resources remain in the cycle continuously. Thanks to this cycle, producers can reduce the use of raw materials by incorporating the product they produce once into their production processes after use, while reducing their purchasing costs by purchasing a used resource at a more favourable price.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Risks of access to resources</h3>The linear economy, which has been included in all our lives with the acceleration of industrialisation, supports production and consumption as if the resources on earth will never end. This is the main reason for the global shortages in access to many different materials and resources today. In addition, many studies show that in the coming years, there will be difficulties in accessing many different resources that we use in every aspect of our lives.Circular economy is basically a strategy that ensures the correct use of resources instead of a waste management strategy. In other words, a system that will utilise resources in the right way must first be designed so that we can then manage waste in the right way. Thanks to this perspective, the faster and more accurately the private sector adopts circular economy principles, the easier it can avoid the risks of access to resources in the coming years.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Putting innovation at the centre</h3>The sustainability of the business world involves the design of current processes in a way that will ensure the use of sufficient resources for future generations. Unfortunately, this reduces the concept of 'sustainability', which is widely used by the private sector, to continuing linear economy.Circular economy is a concept that centres on changing existing systems from top to bottom. In order to change all systems, innovation should of course be at the centre of our ways of thinking. In other words, it is not necessary to 'improve' existing ways of doing business, but to design them in an innovative way from top to bottom. Innovation has an extremely important place in the circular economy, not only in finding new environmentally friendly business models, but also in innovative ideas that will increase the welfare of society, change daily life, and at the same time provide economic growth.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Acquisition of new skills</h3>As circular economy is a concept that aims to change all mindsets, ways of doing business and even the education system, it has a lot of potential for new talent and employment.For this reason, the private sector needs to develop or incorporate talents in many different areas, from innovative business models to circular economy principles. Employees with a linear economy mindset are unlikely to be able to truly implement the principles of circular economy.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Customer value</h3>By taking product ownership away from consumers, circular economy actually enables new areas of value to be created for them. While the consumer who owns a product has the responsibility to maximise the value of that product for the longest time, they may not have the technical competences required for this.In order to maximise the value of resources by extending the life cycles of products, manufacturers offering services such as maintenance &amp; repair, and remanufacturing to their customers can offer innovative value propositions for them. This is likely to increase customer loyalty and satisfaction.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Societal expectations</h3>One of the most critical areas for the private sector is customer expectations. The reshaping of customers' purchasing decisions based on issues such as climate crisis, loss of biodiversity, and gender equality makes it imperative for producers to move in this direction.Thanks to business models designed with circular economy principles, it is possible to create environmental and economic benefits while meeting the demands of the consumers. In this way, the private sector, which contributes to the transformation of society, can guarantee economic growth while diverting to less consumption from more consumption.<hr fr-original-style="" style="height: 0px; overflow: visible; border-bottom: none; clear: both; user-select: none; break-after: page; box-sizing: border-box;">🔎 Circular Economy 101's take:&nbsp;Of course, these shared value areas do not actually cover all the steps that need to be addressed for the transformation of the private sector. However, all these topics we have opened up for discussion are critical for a holistic transformation and the correct realisation of circular economy.If the private sector adopts an understanding that centres these value areas in the transition to circular economy, it can be the biggest supporter of social transformation. The critical point to be considered here is to transform the 'profit-oriented' perspective of the private sector in the right way and to explain the financial return of circular economy in addition to its environmental and social impact. Although the design of a global circular economy system is a long and challenging journey, each stakeholder needs to understand circular economy correctly and fulfil their part.

Value-creating transformation

What are the areas of value in the business world?

Today, more than 7 billion people, meaning that 90% of the world's population, use smartphones or phones with technological features. Nowadays, electronic products are an indispensable part of daily life, and of course this does not only apply to mobile phones. Many people own more than one electronic product and the ownership rate is increasing day by day in direct proportion to the accessibility of the products.Electronic products are highly dependent on resource utilisation due to the valuable materials they contain and are therefore more valuable than many products. This makes electronic products much more important due to their environmental and social impact within the value chain. If we look at waste generation, which is the main output of the linear economy, we can say that globally, more than 57 million tonnes of electronic products became waste in 2021 alone. In other words, in just 2021, we created a pile of electronic waste heavier than the Great Wall of China. The comparison to the Great Wall of China shows how critical the situation is, but let's also look at the place of electronic waste in the fight against the climate crisis.Research shows that by 2040, the information and communication technology (ICT) sector will account for 14 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. In other words, electronic products that we use only for communication and information will cause a significant portion of global carbon emissions. Furthermore, we shouldn’t overlook the extra carbon emissions caused by millions of electronic products that are not used for communication or information purposes.Today, the impact of technological developments on societies does not happen gradually over decades as it used to. Digitalisation, which has become a fundamental part of our daily lives much faster than it should have been with the Covid-19 pandemic, causes us to need more and more electronics every day. This situation, of course, necessitates the definition of the ‘circular electronic product’ in terms of the transition to circular economy. The <a fr-original-style="" href="https://cep2030.org/?utm_source=aposto" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">‘Circular electronics system map’</a> report prepared by the Circular Electronics Partnership (CEP), which has partners such as the World Economic Forum, Accenture and WBCSD, will accompany our discussion on the definition of circular electronics in this week's article. Since the report was published exactly one week ago, it will allow us to conduct our discussion in an up-to-date manner.<h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">What is a circular electronic product?</h2>Globally, electronic waste is worth over $57 billion. This makes it all the more important that the process of transition into circular economy in the electronics sector starts urgently. However, as we have mentioned in our previous articles, the transition to circular economy requires a different roadmap for each sector. While transformation in relatively more niche sectors is easier, this transformation process is extremely difficult for electronic products that are used globally by the majority of the world's population. The difficulty of the transformation process is also related to the innovative perspective of circular economy, which has no limits because it is based on innovation. For this reason, the definition of ‘circular product’, is also being drawn for electronic products.<h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Characteristics of a circular electronic product</h2>According to the report, an electronic product must fulfil these criteria to be circular:➡️ Circular resources: The product must be manufactured using confirmed, certified circular sources. Here, circular resources refer to resources that are re-utilized through reuse, renewal or upcycling/recycling techniques. The raw materials and other parts to be used in the products must consist entirely of recycled and reusable materials.Since circular economy also optimises resource management, it is important to define resources correctly. Not only the parts that make up the products, but also the energy used for processes such as the procurement, manufacturing and assembly of these parts must be completely from sustainable sources.➡️ Circular&nbsp;design: The product must be designed to ensure the reusability of the use process and materials. This is actually a criterion that describes the use of circular economy principles from the design stage of the product. In linear economy, products or services are designed without considering the use process or post-use processes. The fact that nobody cares about what happens to the product after it is used is the main problem of the current economic structure.In circular economy, the life cycle of the product should be considered in detail, from how it will be used while it is still in the design phase (including alternative scenarios) to how the resources in it will be recovered after its use. Therefore, design has a very important place in circular economy. However, it is noteworthy that design should not be limited to product design.Design within circular economy also encompasses a total system design. This means not only innovative product design, but also a complete overhaul of all processes along the value chain (raw material procurement, logistics, production, utilisation, waste management, etc.). In other words, it is not enough to design a ‘sustainable product’ within circular economy. In a circular system, all relevant stakeholders should be involved in the design processes of the product before, during and after use.➡️ Complete recovery:&nbsp; The product must have an optimised mode of use and be completely recyclable after use. Although this criterion is similar to the second one, the differing point here is ensuring that the planning in the design phase is properly carried out. In other words, in the second criterion, we need to design the product in accordance with the principles of circular economy, while when we come to the third criterion, all of these principles must be applicable and the product must be fully recovered after the end of its use. This is also possible by designing not only the product but also the system as a whole in accordance with the principles of circular economy.In order to maximise the value of the product and the resources used, it is critical to determine all use and post-use processes in advance. However, of course, new processes should also be implemented for the recovery of products in post-use processes - one of the most difficult processes to implement in circular economy is the process of taking products back from users and re-incorporating them into the cycle - if necessary.Finally, the reclaimed products need to be fully recycled with the appropriate R-strategies (repair, reuse, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling).<hr fr-original-style="" style="height: 0px; overflow: visible; border-bottom: none; clear: both; user-select: none; break-after: page; box-sizing: border-box;">These three criteria are critically important. As consumers, we should pay attention to the purchasing process. Consumers' preference for alternatives suitable for circular economy, especially regarding electronics, which is the most involved after the food sector, is of course very important for the correct execution of the transformation process.Of course, it would not be a very good idea to try to confirm whether an electronic product is suitable to circular economy only by looking at the three main criteria above. Today, many different alternative raw materials and therefore many different suppliers are used for the production of an electronic product. This makes it difficult to reach a clear conclusion, especially in terms of understanding whether the raw materials or materials that are repeatedly taken into the cycle, which we call circular resources, actually go through a process in accordance with the principles of circular economy. But here, too, digital labelling that describes in detail the entire value chain of the products that have entered our lives with material passports and the block chain technology, which has emerged in recent years and will soon be used primarily in European Union countries, comes into play.🔎 Circular Economy 101’s take: Although the process of transition to circular economy is managed differently for each sector, similar roadmaps or product definitions are gradually starting to appear. While a clear framework for circular economy may diminish its innovative character, it is not reasonable to expect humanity to make a complete transition to a completely uncertain system.Even though it is contrary to the basic structure of circular economy to define any process related to circular economy by setting clear limitations under normal conditions, certain standards or criteria need to be introduced in order to ensure that the transformation process is carried out flawlessly. However, as we state in every issue, it is among the most important duties of everyone to question the accuracy of the information they receive, to understand circular economy correctly, to accept the fact that it is not only a waste management system, and to spread it to our environment.

Towards circular electronic products

How can electronics be circular?

Circular economy is not limited to keeping materials in the loop, reducing waste generation, or redesigning systems, it is a roof concept that includes various concepts. Although this roof concept aims to design a new economic model, it is an innovative model that touches all areas that make up an economy as a whole.The concept of circular economy is currently only thought of as waste management. But it covers a wide range of topics, from reducing waste generation to innovative business models, from environmental and social welfare to economic growth. This includes biodiversity loss, which is the main topic of today's article.We will examine the impact of circular economy on biodiversity with reference to the report "Tackling root causes - Halting biodiversity loss through the circular economy." The report was published by the Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra, which we cited many times in previous issues.Let's start by defining biodiversity.<h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">🌱&nbsp;Biodiversity</h2>Biodiversity basically defines the diversity of life on Earth. The definition made in 2006 by "The Convention on Biological Diversity,"&nbsp;which acts as a part of the United Nations Environment Program, is as follows:<blockquote fr-original-style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); border-color: rgb(92, 142, 77); border-width: 4px; font-style: italic; padding-left: 10px;" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); border-color: rgb(92, 142, 77); border-width: 4px; font-style: italic; padding-left: 10px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; border-left-style: solid; box-sizing: border-box;">“The variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.”</blockquote>The word biodiversity is often confused with natural life or nature. While natural life or nature usually means&nbsp;"life itself," biodiversity refers to a characteristic of life, its diversity. To summarize, we can say that biodiversity is not all life, but the diversity within that life.Loss of biodiversity essentially means a decrease in this diversity. It is also possible to think of biodiversity loss in terms of extinct animals, disappearing forests or any other resource that is no longer found in nature.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">🌱 Humanity x Biodiversity</h3>As we explained above, biodiversity is a fundamental characteristic of life on Earth. This gives biodiversity a critical importance not only for humanity, but for all life on Earth. The report discusses the importance of biodiversity in three categories:<ul fr-original-style="padding-inline-start: 20px;" style="padding-inline-start: 20px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; list-style-position: inside; box-sizing: border-box;"><li fr-original-style="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Benefits for humanity. Biodiversity provides access to the resources necessary for humanity to survive. These resources that exist thanks to biodiversity, such as water resources, clean air, or pollination, are among the first reasons biodiversity is critical.</li></ul>🔎Circular Economy 101’s take:&nbsp;We have included this category it is mentioned in the report, but it is important to note that natural resources do not only create benefits for "humanity," but that all living beings on earth depend on the resources that exist thanks to biodiversity. Don't you think the fact that such definitions of international importance are narrowly focused on "humanity" is also the root cause of the problems we face today?<ul fr-original-style="padding-inline-start: 20px;" style="padding-inline-start: 20px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; list-style-position: inside; box-sizing: border-box;"><li fr-original-style="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cultural importance. Thanks to biodiversity, all the diversity, all the resources, and all the life forms that exist in the world provide humanity with resources for cultural, religious, or any other beliefs. This can be seen throughout history in cultural elements that were attributed to nature in various ways.</li></ul>🔎 Circular Economy 101’s take:&nbsp;Another definition centered around humanity.<ul fr-original-style="padding-inline-start: 20px;" style="padding-inline-start: 20px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; list-style-position: inside; box-sizing: border-box;"><li fr-original-style="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Real benefit. The last bullet point of biodiversity’s importance is its real value. In other words, it is of critical importance on its own, even without the benefits it creates for humanity. This real, genuine importance is the most important motivation for the protection of biodiversity.</li></ul><h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">📍 Why are we losing biodiversity?</h2>The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) identifies five issues that directly contribute to biodiversity loss around the world:<ul fr-original-style="padding-inline-start: 20px;" style="padding-inline-start: 20px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; list-style-position: inside; box-sizing: border-box;"><li fr-original-style="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Changes in the use of land and seas.&nbsp;Degradation and modification of natural habitats for industrial and agricultural activities.</li><li fr-original-style="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Destruction of natural resources. Unsustainable use of natural resources for raw materials and not allowing nature to regenerate itself.</li><li fr-original-style="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Climate change.&nbsp;Biodiversity loss and climate change are fundamentally linked. The disruption of natural ecosystems lead to extreme weather events, natural disasters and abnormal temperature changes, which of course destabilize nature and lead to biodiversity loss.</li><li fr-original-style="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pollution.&nbsp;Pollution, especially from industrial activities and waste, affects all natural resources. In addition to direct harm to human life, such as water and air pollution, it poses a significant threat to all living things by causing biodiversity loss.</li><li fr-original-style="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The spread of invasive species. Invasive species in ecosystems outside of their natural habitat cause biodiversity loss by taking over the ecosystems they invade. The spread of these invasive species is sometimes caused by human activities and sometimes by migration due to the scarcity of resources.</li></ul><h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">✅ Circular economy and biodiversity</h2>With its basic principles, the circular economy can prevent biodiversity loss by preventing waste and reducing use of resources. This is already part of circular economy’s concept of "regeneration of natural systems." As the report points out, the positive impact of circular economy on biodiversity is much more extensive than one might think. Circular economy has a positive impact on biodiversity with its principles and it is possible to maximize this positive impact with new policies.Circular economy requires a systemic change. In this way, it would change all of our existing systems from raw material procurement to production, from consumption habits to waste management, and ensures that resources remain in the cycle. This is, of course, an important criterion for natural systems to renew themselves. If the transition into a circular economy is not completed in full "circularity", some remnants of linear economy may cause negative environmental impacts. But this does not prevent circular economy from reducing the pressure that is put on biodiversity, and creating regenerative systems.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Regenerative practices</h3>As we are winding down, let us examine the two main influences of circular economy on biodiversity. First, as circular economy aims to change entire systems, it can also change all practices that lead to biodiversity loss. By reusing, renewing and keeping products in the loop, it can reduce the demand for natural resources and allow nature to renew itself. This can have a direct positive impact by reducing pressure on biodiversity.On the other hand, if circular economy adopts innovative models and puts regenerative practices at its center, it can allow nature to renew itself and even increase biodiversity. Regardless of supply or demand, regenerative practices, especially in food and agriculture, can have a direct, positive impact on increasing biodiversity. Regenerative practices, which have recently come to the forefront, especially in agricultural activities, basically aim to renew the soil and increase its productivity by increasing its organic structure. While these practices increase biodiversity, they also improve soil health and increase resilience.In conclusion, as we emphasize in every article, a circular economy doesn’t consist of just a few efficient waste management strategies. Circular economy is a mindset and economic system that proposes a systemic change and should be considered as a whole.By fundamentally changing the way we think and do business, circular economy can lead to environmental, social, and economic prosperity. Therefore, circular economy needs to be learned, adopted, and disseminated by everyone.

How to protect biodiversity with circular economy?

<h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">➡️ What is a closed loop?</h2>Closed loops are one of the main concepts that are used in circular economy in order to decrease environmental impact. At its core, the concept describes avoiding waste by using circular economy principles and strategies.Let’s take a look at the production of an X product as a simple example. In order to create the X product, the process that starts with the supply of raw material continues with its entry into production, and its launch in the market for sale. Of course, logistics take part in this entire process, and the X product eventually reaches the consumer. Because the linear economy, the current system in which we exist, has an open loop, there’s no information available or deemed necessary on what happens to X product after it reaches the consumer.Closed loops, which are expected to exist in the systems of circular economy, are involved in the life of the X product after the consumer’s use of it is completed, and aim to put it back into the cycle. Either the various substances that make up the X product are included in the production of another product, or as a last result, they are entered into the recycling process to close the loop.🔎 Circular Economy 101’s take: Recycling is a process that shouldn’t exist in circular economy, it is only to be used as a last result if absolutely necessary. However, it looks necessary for the closed loop concept to be realized. Closed loops are included in a majority of the resources about circular economy. However, that doesn’t validate ignoring that this recycling process actually devalues resources and doesn’t completely prevent waste.<h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">➡️ The discussion of demand</h2>The ongoing discussion of closed loops within academic circles is the main subject of this article. While seeking an answer to “How beneficial are closed loops in the path to environmental sustainability?” we will draw from the discussions included in the article, “Closed-loop systems to the circular economy: A pathway to environmental sustainability?”Concerning the creation of making circular products, circular economy centralizes innovation. Because it aims to create a new system from scratch by creating new and innovative business models without covering up the problems of the current linear economy and producing technologies that would completely reverse the negative impacts. However, the first salient point here is that circular economy is not just a set of “engineering &amp; technology”-based strategies, on the contrary, it is a system that uses engineering and technology in an innovative way.The fact that circular economy is an economic system reveals that it will be shaped according to the demand in the market. This makes it unclear whether it is difficult to produce products that are the exact equivalents of existing products, or whether consumer demand will be in this direction or not even if extraordinarily innovative products are produced. The main reason for this is that circular economy wants to prevent the supply of unused raw materials by offering products that do not fit the consumption habits of the consumer yet, such as reuse and second-hand production. In other words, circular economy can reduce the use of resources, reuse materials to produce second-hand items, and preserve the value of resources. However, it can’t clearly answer whether there will be consumer demand for these products.&nbsp;This brings out the fact that it doesn't make much of a difference whether economic systems actually have open or closed loops. Market demand for recycled products and the price of these products are the two most important factors that will determine whether they can replace brand-new products.<h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">❌&nbsp;The negatives of the closed loop</h2>Closed loops come from recycled, reused products. At first, this may bring to mind a decrease of the environmental impact through little usage of resources. However, when this process is analyzed as a whole, things may not be so positive.The recycled and reproduced products may lead the consumers to think “I already use a much less detrimental product,” and feel good about consuming more. This can cause an extraordinary increase in consumption, and therefore in production. In an economy where there is more production and more consumption, it would be unfeasible to suggest that environmental impact would decrease.The reduction strategies of circular economy are generally based on consumers consuming less. At the same time, it is another prediction that circular products will directly replace existing products. However, as mentioned above, although it is theoretically possible to change consumers’ consumption habits, they are not easily controlled in real life.Let's consider products that are recycled through circular economy strategies. These strategies degrade materials because of the present technologies they use. This can result in consumers having to use straw paper instead of paper of higher quality because of this recycling system. Another example is construction materials. Recycling is a process that reduces the quality of materials. This will cause a decrease in the quality and durability of the metals used in construction, for example. This, of course, may prevent the security of quality standards.The last example, which is much easier to understand, is refurbished smartphones. Electronic waste is of critical importance due to the excess of valuable materials in it. Based on this, “refurbished phones” that would be obtained through renewing old smartphones would most likely be sold in countries that don’t have access to newly manufactured smartphones. While this offers economic growth for the second-hand phone market, it will not reduce the habit of buying new phones in countries that already have uninterrupted access to smartphones. This can lead to the production of new products and the increase of renewal and logistics processes of old products at the same time, thus increasing the environmental impact instead of decreasing it.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">➡️&nbsp;It can increase consumption indirectly</h3>As we can experience it today, closed loop recycled products have a relatively lower price than brand-new products that were produced for the first time. Of course, this is due to reasons such as decreasing quality of the products due to recycling and the fact that they have been used before. This change in prices may indirectly cause a change in consumption habits.Prices of brand-new products which will compete with affordable products may go down in price in the free market, causing consumers to buy more products at lower prices. This will lead to an increase in production and consumption again.Another indirect example would be people’s budgeting habits. Consumers who have the possibility to consume at lesser prices will spend the remainder on developing consumption habits that didn’t suit their budget beforehand. For example, consumers who shop for an affordable price can now direct the money toward purchasing travel services. This can cause a consumption frenzy on a great scale that is hard to calculate for the time being.<h3 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">🌱&nbsp;Let’s discuss: What is necessary for the solution?</h3>There is a boring yet crucial fact:&nbsp;Circular economy is way more than a few “extraordinary” waste management strategies. Reducing circular economy to processes such as engineering &amp; technology-oriented waste prevention and second-hand product production leads us to ignore the "economic" factors, which are the most basic components of the concept of the circular economy. These economic factors, of course, are of critical importance to trigger social transformation.For this reason, one of the most critical yet common mistakes is to blindly adhere to closed loops focused on recycling, to limit circular economy to "circular waste management processes," as the private sector does, and to not pay enough attention to raising awareness among consumers. It is useful to remind ourselves how critical it is to raise awareness among individuals, who are also the starting point of Circular Economy 101, economically and therefore socially.What do you think? What needs to be done to consider circular economy as a whole and to correctly calculate its impact?

Are closed loops a trap?

One of the most recent discussions about the transition into a circular economy is around who should take responsibility in this process. Global action plans usually put the responsibility on the private sector. However, it is a fact that states, individuals, the academy, and NGOs should take equal responsibility. However, this responsibility put on the private sector increases the importance of circular economy within corporate social responsibility strategies.&nbsp;However, this increasing emphasis creates new problems.The lack of a clear, limited frame of circular economy –&nbsp;which we as Circular Economy 101 think is one of its best qualities&nbsp;– causes every business to frame circular economy in their own way. Obviously, this leads to a misunderstanding of circular economy, diminishes it to waste management exclusively, and slows down the transition.A group of academics conducted a study focused on the relationship between circular economy and sustainability in&nbsp;the private sector. The study was conducted with leading companies in the field of economics in Italy and the Netherlands, and the article was published with the title “<a fr-original-style="" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43615-021-00064-7" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">What Is the Relation between Circular Economy and Sustainability? Answers from Frontrunner Companies Engaged with Circular Economy Practices</a>.”We will not be focusing on the entirety of the article, but as Circular Economy 101, we believe that we need to reassess some issues in order for circular economy to be understood correctly and to discuss the rights and wrongs of the transitional period of the private sectorLet’s investigate how the private sector defines circular economy, relates it to sustainability, and how much importance it attributes to it.<h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">➡️&nbsp;What is circular economy?</h2>The first question that was posed to the companies in the research was about the definition of circular economy. Most companies define circular economy in a way that suits their company, but only a few of them give definitions that are similar to those of the <a fr-original-style="" href="https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/circular-economy-introduction/overview" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">Ellen MacArthur Foundation</a> or the <a fr-original-style="" href="https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/circular-economy-action-plan_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">European Commission.</a>When asked about the characteristics of a circular economy, its most frequently mentioned feature is “Designing products to prevent waste.” But there is another issue here. One of the most basic principles of circular economy, "the Product as a Service" feature is the least mentioned feature by the companies. Companies don’t attach much importance to this feature which proposes taking ownership of the product from the consumer and giving it to the manufacturer, aiming to conduct processes such as maintenance and repair, thus keeping the products in use for a much longer period of time.<img src="https://images.aposto.com/2022/6/2/1658243893586.png" style="display: block; vertical-align: top; margin: 5px auto; text-align: center; width: 100%; max-width: 550px; border-style: none; position: relative; cursor: pointer; padding: 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;" width="550" ratio="1.72" fr-original-style="display: block; vertical-align: top; margin: 5px auto; text-align: center; width: 100%; max-width: 550px;" fr-original-class="fr-draggable">Source:&nbsp;<a fr-original-style="" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43615-021-00064-7.pdf" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43615-021-00064-7.pdf</a>&nbsp;p:740<hr fr-original-style="" style="height: 0px; overflow: visible; border-bottom: none; clear: both; user-select: none; break-after: page; box-sizing: border-box;">🔍 Circular Economy 101’s take: Even though there is no clear definition of circular economy, it is incorrect to limit it to recycling&nbsp;or the&nbsp;10 R Strategy. Circular economy should be approached as a system of thought, a way of working that is the exact opposite of linear economy.Hence, it requires not only managing waste correctly, but also preventing waste generation, changing design processes to prevent waste generation, changing the mindset to change that, and changing the education system to change that mindset... In other words, the circular economy is a mentality that requires a change in the social systems. As the definitions made by companies according to their own practices limit the potential of a circular economy, it will be no different than putting a band-aid over the linear economy and its existing problems.<h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Reductive definitions</h2>One out of four companies emphasizes the need for a change in mentality in society when defining circular economy. Researches note that only a few, small-scale initiatives define circular economy as a thought system that&nbsp;“promotes respecting nature.”Moreover, while defining circular economy, it is noteworthy that one-third of the companies say it’s a "roof concept." Since circular economy includes different concepts as such as biomimicry, cradle to cradle, R strategies, it may have a non-stable definition for some of the companies.🔍 Circular Economy 101’s take:&nbsp;We can see that definitions change according to where and how companies use the concept of circular economy. For some, this allows for a positive meaning to emerge, as circular economy can adapt to any subject thanks to its flexible structure. On the other hand, defining it on a case-by-case basis leads to reducing it to a single, simplistic strategy, something we criticize. We are of the opinion that circular economy is losing the totality of its meaning with reduced definitions as just waste management, or efficient use of resources.<hr fr-original-style="" style="height: 0px; overflow: visible; border-bottom: none; clear: both; user-select: none; break-after: page; box-sizing: border-box;"><h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“Less consumption,” whose responsibility is it?</h2>Another issue that the research draws attention to is the definition of one of the most important features of circular economy as sufficiency. Although more than half of the companies state that sufficient consumption and efficient use of resources are very important for circular economy, all participants state that they do not know whose responsibility it is to “consume less.”Companies think that it is not their responsibility to promote less consumption, and that they are only responsible for consumers’ demand. In other words, the responsibility for less consumption is left entirely to the consumer.While companies that trade directly from business to consumer (B2C) leave the responsibility to the consumer, companies that trade from business to business (B2B) state that they do not have much influence on who is responsible. The last note, which draws attention to the context of consuming less, argues that "being content with less" is irrelevant to circular economy, and that instead of saying "consume less" to consumers, a consciousness of "responsible consumption"&nbsp;should be instilled.<h2 fr-original-style="" style="margin: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">➡️&nbsp;Circular economy and sustainability</h2>The vast majority of companies that participated in the study stated that circular economy is one of many tools to achieve <a fr-original-style="" href="https://turkiye.un.org/en/sdgs" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.</a> While it is noteworthy that the area where circular economy is strongest is environmental issues, its impact on social and economic areas is emphasized. The most striking finding is that all participants agree that there would be no improvement in terms of “social equality” with the implementation of a circular economy.Participants agree that sustainability and circular economy are intertwined concepts, and think that the most important deficiency that distinguishes circular economy from sustainability is that it does not influence social issues directly. The participants, who think that a circular economy is the most powerful tool to achieve goals in environmental and economic issues, argue that this tool does not directly contribute in terms of social issues.After all of that, another issue that all participants agree on is that they cannot say "which one of circular economy or sustainability is a more generalized, more inclusive concept." It is believed that since both are very intertwined, broad concepts, a clear distinction cannot be made at this time.Finally, while some of the participants associate sustainability with the term "less," they associate circular economy with more positive, innovative questions such as “What are the alternatives? Is this possible?” While sustainability is thought to be a more ill-defined concept, it is among the points emphasized by the participants that circular economy is a more logical, tangible concept based on more scientific grounds.<img src="https://images.aposto.com/2022/6/2/1658244121861.png" style="display: block; vertical-align: top; margin: 5px auto; text-align: center; width: 100%; max-width: 550px; border-style: none; position: relative; cursor: pointer; padding: 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;" width="550" ratio="1.87" fr-original-style="display: block; vertical-align: top; margin: 5px auto; text-align: center; width: 100%; max-width: 550px;" fr-original-class="fr-draggable">Source:&nbsp;<a fr-original-style="" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43615-021-00064-7.pdf" style="color: rgb(9, 9, 9); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43615-021-00064-7.pdf</a>&nbsp;p:743<hr fr-original-style="" style="height: 0px; overflow: visible; border-bottom: none; clear: both; user-select: none; break-after: page; box-sizing: border-box;">In conclusion, the problem of misunderstanding circular economy, which we, as Circular Economy 101, always draw attention to, persists not only in our country but also in leading countries in the field of circular economy in the world today.“Is sustainability more inclusive or is circular economy more applicable?” No one has a clear answer. But what we must do is quite simple. We should read, learn about, and apply circular economy in its broadest form. Social change is only possible through holistic reforms regarding the environment, society, and the economy. The basis for which is every individual being made aware.What do you think the results would be like if this study was conducted in Turkey?&nbsp;

Circular ile ilgili hikayeler